Understanding Different Types of Ankle Injuries

The ankle is a complex joint that bears the weight of the body and enables a wide range of motion, making it susceptible to various injuries. Whether you’re an athlete, an office worker, or someone leading an active lifestyle, understanding the different types of ankle injuries can help you recognise symptoms, seek appropriate treatment, and prevent future complications. This article delves into the most common types of ankle injuries, their causes, symptoms, and available treatments.

Ankle Sprains

Ankle sprains are among the most common ankle injuries. They occur when the ligaments supporting the ankle stretch or tear due to excessive twisting or rolling of the foot.

• Causes: Missteps, uneven surfaces, or sports activities involving sudden changes in direction.
• Symptoms: Swelling, bruising, pain, and difficulty bearing weight on the affected foot.
• Treatment:
  • Rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE)
  • Physiotherapy to regain strength and mobility
  • Severe cases may require immobilisation or surgery

Fractures

Ankle fractures involve a break in one or more of the bones forming the ankle joint, such as the tibia, fibula, or talus.

• Causes: High-impact trauma, falls, or twisting injuries
• Symptoms: Intense pain, swelling, deformity, and inability to move the ankle
• Treatment:
  • Immobilisation with a cast or brace
  • Surgical intervention to realign and stabilise the bones in severe cases
  • Physiotherapy to restore function post-recovery

Achilles Tendon Injuries

The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel bone and is crucial for activities like walking, running, and jumping. Injuries to this tendon include strains, tendinitis, or ruptures.

• Causes: Overuse, sudden increases in physical activity, or direct trauma
• Symptoms: Pain at the back of the ankle, swelling, stiffness, and difficulty pushing off the foot
• Treatment:
  • Rest and anti-inflammatory medications
  • Physiotherapy to strengthen the tendon
  • Surgery may be required for complete ruptures

Ankle Dislocations

An ankle dislocation occurs when the bones in the ankle joint are forced out of alignment, often accompanying a fracture.

• Causes: Severe trauma, such as car accidents or falls from heights
• Symptoms: Severe pain, visible deformity, and inability to move the joint
• Treatment:
  • Immediate medical attention to realign the bones
  • Immobilisation and possibly surgery to repair associated injuries

Chronic Ankle Instability

Chronic ankle instability develops after repeated ankle sprains, leading to a feeling of the ankle "giving way."

• Causes: Inadequately healed ligament injuries or weak stabilising muscles
• Symptoms: Frequent sprains, persistent discomfort, and instability during movement
• Treatment:
  • Physiotherapy to strengthen the surrounding muscles
  • Ankle braces or orthotic devices
  • Surgery in cases of severe instability

Tendonitis

Tendonitis refers to inflammation of the tendons in the ankle, commonly affecting the peroneal or posterior tibial tendons.

• Causes: Overuse, improper footwear, or biomechanical issues
• Symptoms: Pain along the affected tendon, swelling, and difficulty with movement
• Treatment:
  • Rest and activity modification
  • Anti-inflammatory medications
  • Custom orthotics and physiotherapy

Preventing Ankle Injuries

While not all ankle injuries can be prevented, taking proactive measures can significantly reduce the risk:

1. Wear Proper Footwear: Ensure shoes fit well and provide adequate support
2. Warm-Up and Stretch: Prepare your muscles and joints before physical activity
3. Strengthen and Stabilise: Incorporate exercises that enhance ankle strength and balance
4. Be Mindful of Surfaces: Avoid uneven or slippery terrain when possible
5. Use Supportive Gear: Consider ankle braces during high-risk activities or sports

When to Seek Medical Attention

If you experience severe pain, swelling, deformity, or inability to bear weight on your ankle, it is essential to consult an orthopaedic specialist promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent further complications and ensure a faster recovery.